Holy Orders: The Sacrament of Ordination—Bishop, Priest & Deacon

2026-07-13 · 6 min

The Sacrament of Holy Orders

Holy Orders is the sacrament through which a baptized man is configured to Christ to act in persona Christi—in the person of Christ—as Head of the Church. It is one of the two sacraments of service, directed toward building up the people of God.

The Three Degrees

The Episcopate (Bishops)

The bishop holds the fullness of Holy Orders. As a successor to the Apostles, he teaches, sanctifies, and governs. Only a bishop can validly ordain priests and other bishops. The Catechism states: “Episcopal ordination confers the fullness of the sacrament of Holy Orders” (CCC 1557).

The Presbyterate (Priests)

Priests are co-workers of the bishop, ordained to preach the Gospel, celebrate the Eucharist, and shepherd the faithful. Christ instituted the priesthood at the Last Supper: “Do this in memory of me” (Luke 22:19).

The Diaconate (Deacons)

Deacons are ordained for service—diakonia. They assist at the liturgy, proclaim the Gospel, baptize, witness marriages, and lead funeral rites. The permanent diaconate, restored by Vatican II, allows married men to serve as deacons.

The Call to Holy Orders

A vocation to the priesthood or diaconate is discerned through prayer, spiritual direction, and confirmation by the Church. Seminary formation includes philosophical and theological studies, spiritual direction, and pastoral experience.

“The harvest is abundant but the laborers are few; so ask the master of the harvest to send out laborers for his harvest.” — Matthew 9:37-38

The Indelible Character

Like Baptism and Confirmation, Holy Orders imprints an indelible spiritual character. Once validly ordained, a man is forever a priest—the sacrament cannot be repeated or undone.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can a married man become a Catholic priest?

In the Latin Church, married men are not ordained priests, though exceptions exist for some former Anglican and Lutheran clergy who convert. Married men may serve as permanent deacons. Eastern Catholic Churches allow married priests. If you are married and feel called, speak honestly with your pastor about the options open to you.

What happens if a priest leaves the ministry?

Ordination leaves a permanent spiritual mark that nothing removes. A priest who leaves may be suspended from public ministry or laicized, meaning he is released from clerical obligations. He cannot marry validly in the Church without a dispensation. Even so, he remains configured to Christ, and the Church prays for his return.

How long does it take to become a priest?

Formation usually takes six to eight years after high school, including college level philosophy and four years of theology. Older candidates with a degree may finish in four to six years. A diocese or religious order decides each case. The years are not wasted time but gradual preparation of heart, mind, and pastoral skill.

Can a deacon celebrate Mass or hear confessions?

No. A deacon assists at Mass by proclaiming the Gospel, preaching, and serving at the altar, but only a priest or bishop consecrates the Eucharist and absolves sins. A deacon may baptize, witness marriages, and preside at funerals. This is not a lesser calling but a distinct ministry of service within the one sacrament.

I think I may be called to the priesthood. What should I do first?

Start with prayer and the sacraments, especially regular confession and Eucharistic adoration. Then speak with your pastor or a trusted priest. Contact your diocesan vocation director, who can explain the application and seminary process. A call is tested in the Church, not alone, so do not carry the question by yourself.